Copolymer-1 improvements on compositions of copolymers

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to an improved composition of copolymer-1 comprising copolymer-1 substantially free of species having a molecular weight of over 40 kilodaltons.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/032,647 filed Feb. 27, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,430, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/447,146, filed May 22, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,800,808, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/344,248, filed Nov. 23, 1994, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/248,037, filed May 24, 1994, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Copolymer-1 is a synthetic polypeptide analog of myelin basic protein (MBP), which is a natural component of the myelin sheath. It has been suggested as a potential therapeutic agent for multiple sclerosis (Eur. J. Immunol. [1971] 1:242; and J. Neurol. Sci. [1977] 31:433). All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Interest in copolymer-1 as an immunotherapy for multiple sclerosis stems from observations first made in the 1950's that myelin components such as MBP prevent or arrest experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE is a disease resembling multiple sclerosis that can be induced in susceptible animals.

Copolymer-1 was developed by Drs. Sela, Arnon, and their co-workers at the Weizmann Institute (Rehovot, Israel). It was shown to suppress EAE (Eur. J. Immunol. [1971] 1:242; U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,550). More recently, copolymer-1 was shown to be beneficial for patients with the exacerbating-remitting form of multiple sclerosis (N. Engl. J. Med. [1987] 317:408). Patients treated with daily injections of copolymer-1 had fewer exacerbations and smaller increases in their disability status than the control patients.

Copolymer-1 is a mixture of polypeptides composed of alanine, glutamic acid, lysine, and tyrosine in a molar ratio of approximately 6:2:5:1, respectively. It is synthesized by chemically polymerizing the four amino acids forming products with average molecular weights of 23,000 daltons (U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,550).

It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved composition of copolymer-1.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a composition of copolymer-l substantially free of species of copolymer-1 having a molecular weight of over 40 kilodaltons (KDa).

The invention further relates to a copolymer-1 having over 75% of its molar fraction within the molecular weight range from about 2 KDa to about 20 KDa.

In addition, the invention relates to a copolymer-1 having an average molecular weight of about 4 to about 8.6 KDa.

Moreover, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition and a method for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, using the above-discussed copolymer-1.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 displays the molecular weight distribution of three batches of copolymer-1, showing the proportion of species with molecular weight above 40 KDa.

FIG. 2 shows similar data relating to the molar fraction.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a composition of copolymer-1 substantially free of species of copolymer-1 having a molecular weight of over 40 kilodaltons (KDa). Preferably, the composition contains less than 5% of species of copolymer-1 having a molecular weight of 40 KDa or more. More preferably, the composition contains less than 2.5% of species of copolymer-1 having a molecular weight of 40 KDa, or more.

The invention further relates to a copolymer-1 having over 75% of its molar fraction within the molecular weight range from about 2 KDa to about 20 KDa.

In addition, the invention relates to a copolymer-1 having an average molecular weight of about 4 to about 8.6 KDa. In particular, the invention relates to a copolymer-1 having an average molecular weight of about 4 to about 8 KDa and a copolymer-1 having an average molecular weight of about 6.25 to about 8.4 KDa.

Copolymer-1, according to the present invention, may be prepared by methods known in the art, for example, the process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,550, wherein the N-carboxyanhydrides of tyrosine, alanine, y-benzyl glutamate and E-N-trifluoro-acetyllysine are polymerised at ambient temperature in anhydrous dioxane with diethylamine as initiator. The deblocking of the y-carboxyl group of the glutamic acid is effected by hydrogen bromide in glacial acetic acid and is followed by the removal of the trifluoroacetyl groups from the lysine residues by 1M piperidine. For the purposes of the application, the terms “ambient temperature” and “room temperature” should be understood to mean a temperature ranging from about 20 to about 26° C.

The copolymer-1 with the required molecular weight profile can be obtained either by methods known per se. Such methods include chromatography of copolymer-1 containing high molecular weight species and collecting the fractions without the undesired species or by partial acid or enzymatic hydrolysis to remove the high molecular weight species with subsequent purification by dialysis or ultrafiltration. A further method to obtain copolymer-1 with the desired molecular weight profile is by preparing the desired species while the amino acids are still protected and then obtain the correct species directly upon removing the protection. The compositions of the present invention may be formulated by conventional methods known in the art. Preferably, the composition is lyophilized and formed into an aqueous solution suitable for sub-cutaneous injection. Alternatively, copolymer-1 may be formulated in any of the forms known in the art for preparing oral, nasal, buccal, or rectal formulations of peptide drugs.

Typically, copolymer-1 is administered daily to patients suffering from multiple sclerosis at a dosage of 20 mg.

The invention will be exemplified but not necessarily limited by the following Examples.

EXAMPLE 1

Chromatographic Method of Preparation of Low-toxicity Copolymer-1

Two batches of copolymer-1 were prepared according to the methods known in the art, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,550.

One batch was then subjected to chromatographic separation, as described below.

A column for gel filtration, FRACTOGEL TSK HW55 (600×26 mm) was prepared in a Superformance 26 Merck cartridge according to the manufacturer's instructions. The column was equilibrated with water and acetone solution was injected for total volume determination. The column was equilibrated with 0.2 M ammonium acetate buffer pH 5.0. 30 ml copolymer-1 samples (20 mg/ml, in 0.2 M ammonium acetate pH 5.0) were loaded on the column and fractions were collected every 10 minutes. A fraction having an average molecular weight of 7-8 KDa was isolated between 120-130 minutes (Batch A).

Molecular Weight Analysis

UV absorbance at 275 nm was determined in a UVIKON 810 spectrophotometer. Samples were diluted to obtain a UV absorbance lower than 1 Absorption Unit. The molecular distribution of the 2 batches was determined on a calibrated gel filtration column (Superose 12).

Copolymer-1 batch A was found to have an average molecular weight of 7-8 KDa. 2.5% of this batch had a molecular weight above 32 KDa, but no copolymer-1 species present in this batch had a molecular weight of over 40 KDa.

The other batch of copolymer-1 which was not subjected to chromatography, had an average molecular weight of 12 KDa. 2.5% of the batch had a molecular weight above 42 KDa and 5% of the total copolymer-1 species in this batch had a molecular weight of over 40 KDa.

EXAMPLE 2

Toxicity Analysis

A: In Vivo

Three batches of copolymer-1 having an average molecular weight of 7.3 and 8.4 KDa (less than 2.5% copolymer-1 species over 40 KDa) and 22 KDa (more than 5% copolymer-1 species over 40 KDa) were subjected to the toxicity test described below. In each case 5 mice were used in each experimental group.

Method

Copolymer-1 was dissolved in distilled water to yield a solution of 2 mg/ml of the active ingredient. Each mouse was injected with 0.5 ml of the test solution into the lateral tail vein. Mice were observed for mortality and relevant clinical signs over a 48 hour period. Observations were recorded 10 minutes, 24 hours and 48 hours post-injection. If, at the end of 48 hours, all the animals were alive and no adverse signs had been observed, then the batch was designated “non-toxic”. If, however, one or more of the mice had died or had shown adverse signs, then the batch was designated “toxic”.

The batches with the average molecular weight of 7.3 and 8.4 KDa were both designated “non-toxic”, whereas in the batch with the average molecular weight of 22 KDa, 3 out of 5 mice had died at the end of 48 hours, and it was consequently designated “toxic”.

B: In Vitro

RBL—Degranulation Test

I. Introduction

Histamine (or serotonin) release from basophile is an in vitro model for immediate hypersensitivity. The Rat Basophilic Leukemia cell line (RBL-2H₃) was developed and characterized as a highly sensitive, uniform, easy to maintain in culture and reproducible system (E. L. Basumian, C. Isersky, M. G. Petrino and R. P. Siraganian. Eur. J. Immunol. 11, 317 (1981)). The physiological stimulus for histamine release involves binding of the antigen to membrane-bound IgE molecules, resulting in the latter's cross-linking and the consequent triggering of an intricate biochemical cascade. Beside these physiological, immunoglobulin-mediated triggers, degranulation can be induced by different non-IgE-mediated stimuli. Among these are various peptides and synthetic polymers, e.g. polylysine (R. P. Siraganian. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, October 432 (1983)). The RBL degranulation test is, therefore, used in order to screen out those batches of copolymer-1 which evoke substantial degranulation and thus might elicit undesirable local and/or systemic side effects.

II. Principle of the Test Method

Rat Basophilic Leukemia cells (RBL-2H₃), are loaded with [³H]-serotonin, followed by incubation with 100 μg of the copolymer-1 to be tested. Batches of copolymer-1 which induce non-specific degranulation, release [³H]-serotonin into the medium. The radioactivity in the medium is counted by a scintillation counter and the total radiolabeled serotonin incorporated into the cells is determined in the pelleted cells. Percent degranulation is calculated as the percentage of serotonin released out of the total incorporated.

III. Results

Four batches of copolymer-1, with average molecular weight between 6,250-14,500 were analyzed for both % of the species with molecular weight over 40 KDa and for degranulation of RBL's. Results are summarized in the following table.

Average % of species with % Serotonin M.W. (Daltons) M.W. over 40 KDa Release 6,250 <2.5 12.4 7,300 <2.5 21.0 13,000 >5 66.9 14,500 >5 67.8

As can be seen, when the % of high molecular weight species is low (<2.5), the % release of serotonin, indicative of toxicity, is low, and vice versa.

EXAMPLE 3

Preparation of Trifluoroacetyl-Copolymer-1

Protected copolymer-1 is prepared as described by Teitelbaum et al. Eur. J. Immun. Vol. 1 p. 242 (1971) from the N-carboxyanhydrides of tyrosine (18 g), alanine (50 g) y-benzyl glutamate (35 g) and trifluoroacetyllysine (83 g) dissolved in 3.5 liters of dioxane.

The polymerization process is initiated by the addition of 0.01-0.02% diethylamine. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 24 hours and then poured into 10 liters water. The product (protected copolymer-1) is filtered, washed with water and dried. The removal of the gamma-benzyl blocking groups from the glutamate residue is carried out by treating the protected copolymer-1 with 33% hydrobromic acid in glacial acetic acid at room temperature for 6-12 hours with stirring. The product is poured into excess water, filtered, washed and dried, yielding the trifluoroacetyl-copolymer-1.

EXAMPLE 4

Preparation of Trifluoroacetyl-Copolymer-1

Protected copolymer-1 is prepared as described by Teitelbaum et al. Eur. J. Immun. Vol. 1 p. 242 (1971) from the N-carboxyanhydrides of tyrosine (18 g), alanine (50 g), τ-benzyl glutamate (35 g) and trifluoroacetyllysine (83 g) dissolved in 3.5 liters of dioxane.

The polymerization process is initiated by the addition of 0.01-0.02% diethylamine. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 24 hours and then poured into 10 liters water. The product (protected copolymer-1) is filtered, washed with water and dried.

Protected copolymer-1 is treated with 33% HBr in acetic acid which removes the omega benzyl protecting group from the 5-carboxylate of the glutamate residue and cleaves the polymer to smaller polypeptides. The time needed for obtaining copolymer-1 of molecular weight 7,000±2,000 Da depends on the reaction temperature and the size of protected copolymer-1. At temperatures of between 20-28° C. a test reaction is performed on every batch at different time periods for example, from 10-50 hours.

The results concerning the molecular weights of these small scale reactions are calculated and a curve of molecular weight against time is drawn. The time needed for obtaining molecular weight 7,000±2,000 Da is calculated from the curve and performed on larger scale reaction. On average, working at 26° C. the time period is 17 hours. The product is poured into excess water, filtered, washed and dried, yielding the trifluoroacetyl-copolymer-1.

Preparation of Low-toxicity Copolymer-1

20 g of trifluoroacetyl-copolymer-1 are dispersed in 1 liter of water to which 100 g piperidine are added. The mixture is stirred for 24 hours at room temperature and filtered. The solution of crude copolymer-1 is distributed into dialysis bags and dialyzed at 10°-20° C. against water until a pH=8 is attained. It is then dialyzed against about 0.3% acetic acid and again water until a pH=5.5-6.0 is obtained. This solution is then concentrated and lyophilized to dryness. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A composition for the treatment of multiple sclerosis comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of a copolymer-1 fraction, wherein said fraction contains less than 5% of species of copolymer-1 having a molecular weight of over 40 kilodaltons; and wherein over 75% of said copolymer-1 in said fraction is within a molecular weight range of about 2 kilodaltons to about 20 kilodaltons, wherein said copolymer-1 fraction is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: reacting protected copolymer-1 with hydrobromic acid to form trifluoroacetyl copolymer-1 having over 75% of its molar fraction within the molecular weight range from about 2 kDa to about 20 kDa, wherein said reaction takes place for a time and at a temperature predetermined by test reaction, and treating said trifluoroacetyl copolymer-1 having over 75% of its molar fraction within the molecular weight range from about 2 kDa to about 20 kDa with aqueous piperidine solution to form copolymer-1 having over 75% of its molar fraction within the molecular weight range from about 2 kDa to about 20 kDa. 